A graveyard is a burial ground. It is usually located near a church. The church controls the graveyard and has stipulations regarding who can be buried there.

During the rapid population growth of the early 19th century, church graveyards began to fill up. As a result, independent sites called cemeteries became popular.

Definition

The terms graveyard and cemetery are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference between the two. A graveyard is affiliated with a church and usually found on the church grounds or adjacent to it. A cemetery, on the other hand, is separate from a church and can be used by people of any faith or no faith at all.

Historically, people who were members of a specific church were buried in their churchyard. When that space became full, church leaders began to build new cemeteries on land outside of the church. This gave them greater control over who was buried on their property, and they could impose stipulations on the headstones of those who were laid to rest in the graveyard.

Today, the term graveyard is still mostly used to refer to the burial ground on a church’s property. However, many people use the term cemetery when referring to a more modern, separate burial ground.

History

Historically, churchyards were often used for burial. This was a major source of income for local churches and chapels.

People buried in graveyards had headstones engraved with their names, dates of birth and death and other important biographical information. Rich families would compete to have the most elaborate carved headstone.

Some modern graveyards are more like parks than places of mourning. There’s even a company that is developing tech to let loved ones know when their ancestors have passed on. This is a sign that the worlds of the living and dead remain closely linked.

Symbolism

Many symbols on a gravestone have more than one interpretation. For example, hands clasped signify unity and love; a hand reaching down indicates God’s care or Jesus’ Last Supper. A weeping angel symbolises sorrow; a rose bud with a broken stem is a reminder of life cut short.

Other symbols have more specific meanings: an open book may signify a person’s love of reading and learning; an hourglass represents the speed at which time passes by; wings on a winged hourglass indicate flight into the next realm; an inverted torch symbolises a life extinguished, while a lit torch signifies eternal life. Other symbols have associations with orders, professions or institutions – stumps for the Woodmen of the World fraternal organization; squares and compasses for Masonic orders; a hammer and anvil for blacksmiths; a palette and brush for artists.

Animals also have symbolic meanings – owls represent wisdom; lions strength; thistles earthly sorrow; oaks longevity; and rabbits humility and gentleness. The recurring skulls and crossbones are a reminder of mortality (Memento Mori).

Etymology

Though sometimes used interchangeably, the terms graveyard and cemetery carry different connotations. Graveyard describes the area of a churchyard that houses the dead, while cemetery generally refers to a separate burial ground. It’s not a grave faux pas to use both words, but for linguistic precision, you should stick with the specific meaning you’re trying to convey.

In general, a graveyard will evoke images of older churchyards in the countryside with scattered tombstones that appear to be haphazardly arranged. By contrast, a cemetery is much larger and can contain graves from many different faiths.

The word graveyard derives from the Old English grave “grave” + yard “to lay, dig, or bury.” The root of the word also yields the noun crypt, which is similar to a tomb but carved into stone. Similarly, the verb graven means to carve or engrave. The noun crypt is often reserved for the most important members of society, such as politicians or military leaders.

A well-designed cemetery plan is vital for management. It provides the cemetery with a road map for future growth, and demonstrates permanency to city planning committees.

Cemetery development often obliterates a unique setting, creating monotonous and typical spaces that lack differentiation. Using responsive cemetery design allows for the development of unique places that the public will positively respond to.

Cultural shifts in burial practices

Throughout history, cemetery design has been influenced by cultural shifts in burial practices. From ancient tombs and elaborate burial mounds to modern memorial parks, each design reflects the beliefs, values, and aesthetics of its time.

Today, a growing trend in cemetery design is the desire for personalization. This is evident in unique monuments, bespoke art installations, and personalized services. It is also reflected in the move towards eco-consciousness and sustainability. For example, green burials use biodegradable caskets and emphasize preservation of natural landscapes.

Additionally, the increasing inclination toward cremation has led to innovative burial options such as urn gardens and columbaria that utilize less space while creating distinct spaces within a cemetery. With these shifts in burial practices, the cemetery of the future will be an environment that celebrates life and transcends death. WC Fry Design has extensive experience in planning new and renovating existing cemeteries. Our holistic approach to cemetery master planning includes a comprehensive analysis, site assessment, business/financial plan, fundraising opportunities and volunteer development strategies.

Adaptation to changing landscapes

When planning a cemetery, it is important to take into account the future needs of the site. A well-designed master plan can help to identify short and long term needs and map the overall strategy. It can also improve land utilization and increase marketability.

Changing landscapes can provide opportunities to offer more eco-friendly alternatives to traditional burial practices. Burials can be moved to more open spaces and cremated remains can be interred in gardens or columbaria. These changes can be more environmentally conscious and respect cultural and religious traditions.

Cemetery Master Planning requires a thorough analysis of the property, including burial types and quantities, mausoleums, chapels, office buildings, parking, directional signage, maintenance yards and vehicle and pedestrian circulation. A good plan will consider the site’s natural attributes, such as a water feature, wooded hillside or high point and use them to enhance the overall landscape design. It will also include plantings that are unique to the cemetery and will help set it apart from others.

Eco-friendly headstone options

Eco-friendly headstone options allow families to make a statement about their commitment to sustainability. They can use recycled materials that reduce the demand for new resources and prevent waste from entering landfills. Families can also opt for natural elements that blend into the surrounding landscape and support local ecosystems.

Traditional stone grave markers are made of granite and marble, which require extensive quarrying activities that cause habitat destruction and soil erosion. The cutting, shaping and polishing of these stones is also energy-intensive, contributing to carbon emissions.

A Danish stonemason has developed an alternative that uses clay instead of granite, reducing both CO2 and water consumption. His innovative design offers families a sustainable option that also preserves the beauty of traditional cemeteries.

The green burial movement focuses on honoring loved ones in a way that minimizes the environmental impact of funerals and memorial services. This includes avoiding embalming, using shrouds or biodegradable caskets, and avoiding vaults and grave liners.

Monuments and memorials

Monuments and memorials provide a unique way to honor your loved ones after they’ve passed. Typically, they include an inscription and can be as large or small as you’d like. They can also come in a variety of shapes, colors, and materials. Some even have bronze accents and sculptural elements that capture your loved one’s personality.

Flat monuments are a good option if you want to take up as little space as possible. They’re also relatively inexpensive compared to other types of headstones. However, they do require visitors to stand directly over the marker to read inscriptions. Pillow monuments offer a subtle alternative, characterized by their gentle slope.

Pre-planning a cemetery monument can remove uncertainty and anxiety from your family’s experience after a loved one passes away. The process can also help families process their grief and focus on other important matters. Moreover, it helps to reduce costs by preventing the need for costly burial arrangements in the future.

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Cemeteries offer a space to honor the memory of loved ones. These sites also provide an opportunity for spiritual reflection and grief healing.

The word cemetery is more specific than graveyard, which is a general term that refers to a churchyard with older tombstones. Modern cemeteries are generally much larger and more organized.

Historical Connection

Although a cemetery is often seen as an unpleasant or even frightening place, it can be a source of historical knowledge. The design of the cemetery and the symbols used on memorials offer insights into the values, beliefs, and traditions of a community.

In the past, church graveyards were the only places where people could be buried. After they filled up, independent sites called cemeteries were established to provide more space. Cemeteries are typically more modern and better maintained than church graveyards. They also have larger family plots that are separated by rows of tombstones.

The layout of a cemetery is often designed to reflect cultural traditions and contemporary preferences. For example, columbaria are often incorporated into cemetery grounds to encourage cremation, which is less expensive and more environmentally friendly than traditional burials. The cemetery landscape also includes symbolic elements like trees and shrubs that symbolize life. The weeping willow, for example, is a symbol of grief, but it can also represent immortality because of the hardiness of the plant.

Visually Stimulating

As a place of remembrance and peace, a cemetery should be both serene and stimulating. It should also be accessible to people of all backgrounds, religions and abilities.

In addition to addressing these needs, modern cemeteries often offer a number of services that cater to families, including genealogy information, flower placement programs and special events during holidays like Mother’s Day and Father’s Day. They also use technology to enhance the visitor experience, from digital memorials and virtual tours to advanced grave mapping technologies.

In a competitive online marketing world, it is important for cemetery owners to know that their website, Google Business Profile and social media accounts are the first impression that potential visitors will have of them. Therefore, they must be well rounded and accurately reflect the beauty of the cemetery and the care that the staff provides.

Grief Healing

Whether you’re looking to memorialize your loved one or are still struggling with grief after losing someone, a visit to a cemetery can help. They offer a space for introspection and commemoration, nurturing meaningful customs and connections within communities.

In addition, many people will visit their loved ones on anniversaries, birthdays, or other special days to keep the memory alive. Others will place burning grave candles (known as znicz in Polish) or red poppies on the graves of war veterans as part of a traditional practice.

While grief can be a difficult journey, it’s also a process of healing. Navigating the feelings that come up during a visit can help you move forward, finding peace and comfort in your relationship with your loved one over time. As a result, cemetery visits can be significant milestones in your grief work.

Places of Life

A cemetery is more than just an archival landscape, it’s also a place of life. Despite their association with death, they are spaces where people can openly express grief and experience healing through physical acts such as visiting graves or leaving flowers.

This type of interaction helps to promote community, education and social connection. Additionally, it has the potential to break taboos and encourage conversations about death and the process of grieving.

While the practice of having picnics or meals in cemeteries slowed as populations moved away from the country and into cities, some cemeteries have found ways to reclaim their heritage and cultural value through community engagement. They have reimagined their grounds to include walking tours and arts-centric activations, such as Green-Wood Cemetery, which hosts artist-in-residence programs. These types of initiatives support their mission to serve as tranquil places for people to connect with history, nature and each other.

The park features dignified sculptured bronze markers lying flat on landscaped plots. This is a very different concept from traditional cemeteries.

The park’s story began with a spirited fund-raising drive for a memorial to veterans of World War I. But the project hit an impasse. A woman named Miss Ima stepped in with a better idea.

Submariners Monument

A somber ground stone in the memorial park pays tribute to the men and women who served in submarines. It includes a submarine patrol pin, which signifies that the wearer is “qualified aboard his boat.” On either side of the submarine are dolphins, which represent the badge of honor that submariners receive upon earning their qualification.

Submarines were integral to WWI and WWII war efforts, yet they were often overlooked in memorials. In 2001, this detailed black marble monument was created to honor submariners. The United States Submarine Veterans, Inc., Dorado Base holds a Tolling of the Boats ceremony that recalls each USN submarine lost and its date of loss.

New Yorkers account for 10 percent of the submariners who were killed during WW2. This monument features, in a crypt below, the names of those lost in operational accidents. The smooth black granite commemorative monument is also a powerful symbol of the emptiness families feel when a loved one is lost in service to our country.

Korean War Monument

The Korean War Veterans Memorial honors the men and women of the United States Armed Forces who served in the conflict that became known as America’s Forgotten War. From 1950 to 1953, American soldiers stood with United Nations forces in Korea to take a stand against what was perceived as a threat to democracy worldwide.

The memorial features a sculptural grouping of stainless steel statues that depict soldiers from each branch of the military. A curved granite wall reflects the figures and features a mural that depicts scenes of service in Korea.

A curving wall on the north side of the memorial lists all 22 countries of the United Nations that sent combat troops to aid in the defense of South Korea, and a circular wall bears inscriptions listing numbers of Americans killed, missing in action or held as prisoners of war. Across from these walls is a Pool of Remembrance surrounded by juniper bushes and three Rose of Sharon hibiscus plants, the national flower of South Korea.

Gold Star Monument

SAN ANTONIO – As the nation honors its veterans, a special memorial stands in York County. The Gold Star Monument is dedicated to the mothers, fathers, children, siblings, and spouses who have lost loved ones who served in the military.

The first monument was created by Medal of Honor Recipient Marine Woody Williams and was originally dedicated in his home state of West Virginia. He has now established the foundation to create these monuments in communities across America.

The monument is a black granite and tells a story through four granite panels that depict the themes of homeland, family, patriotism, and sacrifice. During the dedication ceremony, a trumpeter played Taps and bagpipes played Amazing Grace. Those in attendance included many Gold Star families, Congresswoman Carol Miller, and local leaders. WPVI’s TaRhonda Thomas was among the first to cut the ribbon for this new memorial.

Vietnam War Monument

Among the most-visited sites in the National Park System, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall honors more than 58,000 men and women who died or are listed as missing from the war. When visitors view a name on the black granite walls, they see their own reflection, connecting the living to those who died.

Maya Lin’s minimal design for the memorial was a stark departure from traditional memorials that featured figurative heroic sculpture. The design was the winner of a competition sponsored by the VVMF. Negative reactions to her minimal plan created controversy, but a compromise was reached when the third-place winner in the original competition, Frederick Hart, was commissioned to produce a statue of three servicemen and a flagstaff.

The memorial also includes the Vietnam Women’s Memorial, which features a bronze sculpture of three women caring for a wounded soldier and recognizes the 265,000 women who served in the war. A transportationable replica of the Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial has traveled to communities across the country, giving millions of people the opportunity to experience the healing power of the memorial.

The Bureau licenses and regulates funeral establishments, funeral directors, embalmers, apprentice embalmers, cemetery brokers/branch/additional salespersons, cemeteries and crematories. It also registers death certificates and issues permits for burial or disposition of remains.

Most funeral arrangements are made at an arrangement conference with a funeral director. During the meeting, prices will be explained.

Personal Service

A funeral director is a person licensed to arrange and conduct the transport, burial or disposal of human remains. Funeral directors must be registered with the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Office of Vital Records. In New York City, funeral directors or their representatives must file death certificates at one of two registration sites (Burial Desks) located in Manhattan and Brooklyn.

Many families are opting to pay for their funeral expenses in advance so as not to burden loved ones with that expense upon their deaths. Generally, these plans are handled by a funeral home that is either family-owned or operated by a large corporation known as a consolidator.

The Bureau licenses 13 different licensing categories in the funeral industry including funeral establishments, funeral directors, embalmers and apprentice embalmers; cemetery brokers/branch/additional, cemetery salespersons, and managers; cremated remains disposers, crematories, and hydrolysis facilities; and privately owned cemeteries. The Bureau also investigates complaints against these licensees.

Preparation

It takes a lot of time and energy to prepare a body for a funeral. Many people are involved, and they need to be informed about what they are doing. This includes the person who is arranging the service, the survivors and anyone else who might need to be informed.

It is important to select a funeral home with which you feel comfortable. Visiting several and talking to the staff may help you make your decision.

All “funeral providers” must comply with the Funeral Rule. This means that they must give the General Price List (GPL) to anyone who asks for it, even if the discussion of prices or arrangements does not take place in their establishment. This includes family members, clergy or friends. It also includes government agents, such as social workers or case managers, who are discussing arrangements for indigent consumers. This does not include discussions by phone or mail. The GPL does not have to be given out during nonbusiness hours if the discussion is about an at-need situation.

Arrangements

When you make advance funeral arrangements, you compare prices and facilities, select merchandise and services, and eliminate the stress and expense of making on-the-spot decisions at a difficult time. Prepaid funerals also relieve your family of the financial burden of paying for your funeral and cemetery expenses.

A funeral home is a business establishment that has the staff, facilities, and equipment to care for the body after death. It may be licensed as a funeral director or mortuary and must be registered with the State.

When you visit the funeral home, you have the right to be provided with a General Price List which identifies the current prices for merchandise and services available. It is against the law for funeral homes to charge more than the prices on their price list. The funeral home must also provide you with an Itemized Statement that clearly outlines the cost of your funeral arrangement, including any merchandise or services you have selected.

Payment

Many people pre-pay for their funerals, both to make sure their final wishes are carried out and to avoid leaving their loved ones with a heavy burden of debt. If you offer pre-need arrangements, you must give consumers a General Price List and Casket Price List and provide an itemized Statement of Goods and Services Selected.

Some providers enter into agreements with government agencies or persons entitled to a government benefit to arrange funerals for them at special prices. You may add these charges to your regular price lists, or you can prepare separate lists for these arrangements. If these fees are non-declinable, you must disclose them as a basic service fee and include any overhead charges that you do not allocate to other goods and services on your GPL.

You do not have to give out a GPL to people who inquire by telephone or mail, but you must show them the price lists when you meet face-to-face with them. This meeting can occur anywhere, such as the family’s home or while you are removing the deceased from a hospital or nursing home.