Saying goodbye to a loved one is always difficult, but it’s important for cemeteries to provide an experience that’s dignified and respectful. These cemetery designs from around the world do just that.

The cemetery entrance is the gateway into a special place. It should use a design vernacular that reflects the cultural traditions of the community.

Master Plan

A well-developed master plan helps a cemetery understand how to best use its land and provides a roadmap for future expansions. This can also help prevent problems before they occur, so you can avoid costly mistakes.

For example, a cemetery’s master plan might include a strategy for balancing architectural mass and fluid, volumetric voids. This approach is used by a new multi-story columbarium at a cemetery in Italy, where gridded panels on the exterior facade are sized similarly to burial niches, establishing a unified spatial experience. This contrast with the interior of the building reinforces the role of each space as a “home” for a deceased person’s cremated remains. A master plan can also address site challenges like an existing maintenance shop located across a busy road, which could potentially compromise employee safety. By moving the maintenance facility, it is possible to improve safety and provide a more accessible location for staff training. The design also screened the new shop with vegetation to enhance the aesthetics of the site.

Green Footprint

Although a cemetery may seem like a benign landscape, it can actually have a substantial environmental footprint. The use of pesticides and fertilizers for lawn maintenance, as well as the ongoing watering of graves, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the space needed for new burials often leads to the expansion of cemeteries, encroaching on natural habitats and agricultural land.

Traditional burial methods also have a significant environmental impact, especially because of the chemicals used in embalming. The casket itself can be made from precious metals or rare woods, requiring significant energy and resources to manufacture. Moreover, the casket must be buried in a vault, which itself requires significant amounts of steel and concrete.

Cremation, on the other hand, has a much smaller environmental footprint because it avoids the need for caskets and does not require the excavation of graves. Nevertheless, it still requires fossil fuels to heat the kiln and power the cremation equipment.

Accessibility

The cemetery landscape should be easy to navigate for everyone who visits. Whether they have limited mobility or use wheelchairs, visitors need a clear path to each grave. A cemetery’s design should include paved paths, curbless entrances, and signage that is easy to read from both a distance and up close.

The monuments and headstones of today are designed with symbols that convey meaning and honor the life of those who have passed. Symbols like crosses, stars of David and crescent moons denote faith and spiritual beliefs while flowers and leaves represent beauty, purity and remembrance.

Cemetery managers juggle a lot of tasks on a daily basis, including comforting grieving families and maintaining their grounds. Adding technology like walk-to-grave navigation to their arsenal can help ease their workload by eliminating one of the most repetitive tasks. It is the first step toward easing logistical burdens for visitors with disabilities or limited mobility. It can also be a catalyst to rekindle community interest in the historic cemetery and increase volunteer development.

Signage

With the evolution of personalized memorialization, cemetery design has a significant role in shaping an individual’s connection to their loved one. From the carefully curated spaces of memorial park cemeteries to headstones that capture their unique essence, design plays an essential role in personalizing remembrance.

A Cemetery Entry Feature welcomes visitors to the site and establishes character within the grounds. This includes a traditional swinging gate element that establishes a transition into or out of the Cemetery. It also provides an opportunity to reinforce the site’s historic context.

Traditional gravestones include inscriptions and symbols that convey meaning and respect for the deceased. Floral motifs, such as roses and lilies, often symbolize beauty, purity, and remembrance, while crosses and stars of David reflect faith and heritage. Other symbols, such as an anchor or a butterfly, symbolize hope and eternity. As the landscape of remembrance continues to evolve, the design of headstones and other markers will continue to be shaped by these enduring themes.

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A cemetery is a more modern idea, but people have been burying the dead for thousands of years. Earlier, they kept burial grounds close to their homes or workplaces.

These early graveyards are sometimes difficult to research, but compiled cemetery indexes can be useful. Also consider researching a green or natural cemetery that allows for bodies to return to the earth faster.

Burial Grounds

The burial grounds at a cemetery are where the bodies of deceased family members are interred. These areas are often arranged in Burial Sections, which are visually separate from each other and broken into by woods and landscaped areas. A cemetery may also be divided into cremation burial sections, which are a smaller area used for full casket or cremated remains interment.

The layout of the burial sections should generally conform to existing terrain. Grades should be limited to a minimum of two percent and a maximum of 15 percent in order to achieve positive drainage. The final grading must create one predominant uniform slope within each burial section.

All regulated cemeteries are required to collect a charge, known as service charges, for graves and plots, as well as a fee per interment. These funds are then placed in a perpetual care fund or a trust that covers the cost of maintaining the cemetery in perpetuity.

Green or Natural Burial

Natural or green burial is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional funeral options and the interment process itself. It involves burying the body in a biodegradable casket or shroud that allows it to decompose naturally.

This option forgoes chemical embalming, metal caskets, and concrete vaults, and instead utilizes materials such as wood or wicker caskets or shrouds made of fabric. In addition, most green burial sites limit personal plantings, wreaths and chimes to protect the pristine landscape.

Additionally, they do not allow grave liners or vaults as they impede natural decomposition and introduce non-biodegradable material into the earth. Some green burial sites even offer to plant a new tree on the site of your loved one’s grave as a way to return life to the land in honor of your departed. A natural or green burial is ideal for people who have consciously chosen to support the environment in their daily lives. This option is also popular amongst the religious community.

Aesthetics

Cemetery art is a form of artistic beauty that reflects the creativity and personality of the deceased. From intricate engravings to beautiful sculptures, tombstone designs offer a glimpse into the cultural values and traditions of a particular era.

Symbolism is a common element in cemetery art, from religious symbols like crosses and angels to motifs that represent eternal life and rebirth. These designs add a deeper layer of meaning to the art, inviting reflection and contemplation.

In addition to enhancing the aesthetics of the cemetery, these works of art are also a source of inspiration for contemporary artists. For example, a project called Graveyard Aesthetics brings together three international artists to explore the human impulse to honor the dead through art inspired by mausoleums and headstones in Green-Wood. By re-examining the notion of what constitutes beauty, these artists hope to raise awareness about cemetery aesthetics and encourage new perspectives on the importance of remembering the departed.

Researching Cemeteries

If you’re researching your family trees and have names on a research list that have been sourced to a cemetery, be sure to visit the burial site. This could open up a new set of clues about your ancestor.

When visiting a cemetery, pay attention to the plot definitions. The fencing and gate type, for example, could reveal the era in which a cemetery was constructed and the economic status of its residents.

In addition, the shape and design of a tombstone can reveal clues about a person’s personality. You can also look for water spigots, which may indicate when a cemetery modernized its infrastructure.

In terms of re-use, natural or green burial sites provide an opportunity to conserve land and return it to its original state sooner than traditional graveyards. This allows the space to be used for other purposes earlier in a cemetery’s tenure. However, cultural and ethical concerns have led some communities to reject this alternative.

The Memorial Park is situated in a natural environment soaked with history. The design aims to provide visitors with an atmosphere of natural beauty and peace for quiet meditation.

The project is a demonstration of how infrastructure and ecology can be blended. The land bridge and prairie establish over 45 acres of native Coastal Prairie that will strengthen surrounding ecosystems while providing Houstonians with immersive opportunities to experience this endangered ecoregion.

History

The park has a rich and varied history. The site of the Memorial Park was initially part of the business district in Greenwood. The town founder Levi Davis operated the Davis Inn there until the 1930s.

A decision was made in 1945 to purchase 54 and a half wooded acres south of the city. The property had once been the Clarke County Fairhaven Tuberculosis Sanitarium.

Plans were drawn up and a spirited fund-raising drive was launched to build a facility to honor the local men who had served their country. However, a disagreement broke out over who would oversee the project: The borough had a financial stake; so did the American Legion post.

Cooler heads interceded and the fund-raising effort was redirected toward a memorial park rather than a building. The first addition was the Submariners Monument, which pays tribute to the 52 submariners from Dover who went missing in action during World War Two. The Gold Star Monument was the next, designed to be consistent with style guidelines established by the Woody Williams Foundation and Delaware gold star families.

Symbols

Inscribed on headstones, symbols communicate a person’s values and beliefs. Images like hearts and clasped hands can signify love and devotion; angels can symbolize spirituality or represent the dead flying to heaven. Symbols of community involvement also appear in gravestone carvings, such as Masonic emblems or the intertwined letters “FLT” for members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

Memorial park symbols also carry deeper meanings, such as those associated with a specific religion or the nation. On Memorial Day, for example, the United States pauses collectively in solemn tribute to those who died for their country’s freedom. During this time, colors are often used to symbolize bravery, purity and justice.

Among the memorial park’s most important symbols is the fasces (FAS-eez), a bundle of rods bound together. The fasces, found throughout the Lincoln Memorial, conveys a message that our country’s unity and strength come from its many parts coming together as one. A bald eagle adds an American touch to this ancient Roman symbol, further emphasizing the theme of remembrance.

Design

Memorial parks are designed to provide visitors with an atmosphere of natural beauty, peace for quiet meditation, and a sense of dignity and honor. They often include a statue or monument and plaques that commemorate the victims of a tragedy. In addition, they may have gardens, fountains, and benches to provide seating for reflection and remembrance.

The June 5 Memorial Park reconfigures the site at 22nd and Market in an elegant design filled with symbolism, beauty, and nature. Its central feature is a reconstructed Coastal Prairie that helps Houstonians connect with its critical ecological biodiversity and contribute to its resilience in the face of climate change.

Innovative construction methods are used to accentuate the natural qualities of the building materials. The black and gray granites are finished to reveal their variety of granular texture. The concrete is exposed aggregate, revealing a textured surface typically left hidden underneath. Trees were chosen to blossom yearly in remembrance of the memorial’s date, June 5. The landscape integrates with the architecture and evokes a sense of eternity.

The Bureau licenses funeral directors, embalmers and mortuary establishments, investigates complaints, and takes disciplinary action when necessary. The Bureau also provides consumer education and training.

You must offer consumers your General Price List (GPL) and Casket Price List. The GPL must include a non-declinable basic services fee that includes charges for overhead not allocated to other goods and services.

Education and Training Requirements

Those who wish to pursue careers in funeral service must complete an associate degree program and pass national and state licensure exams. People enter this profession from a wide range of backgrounds, but they all share an interest in helping families during a difficult time and a desire to uphold national and state regulations.

College programs in mortuary science last from 2 to 4 years and are accredited by the American Board of Funeral Service Education. In addition to classes in mortuary science, these programs include coursework in accounting and business management, as well as psychology and human services.

After graduating from the program, students must perform a year-long internship in order to receive their license. During the internship, students will work alongside seasoned funeral directors and learn how to perform the many duties of this career. In addition, they will have the opportunity to forge industry connections and hone their skills. Licensing requirements vary by state, so it is important to check with your local funeral home for specific information.

Licensing Requirements

Your employees must be licensed or registered in order to work in your funeral home. This includes funeral directors and embalmers. Licensing requirements vary by state. To become a funeral director, you must graduate from an accredited college program in mortuary science and pass the national licensing exam administered by the Bureau. To become an embalmer, you must graduate from a school approved by the Board and pass the national licensing exam.

You must give consumers a General Price List (GPL) or an Outer Burial Container (OBC) price list upon their request during an arrangements conference. You cannot condition the furnishing of a funeral good or service on the purchase of another funeral good or service unless it is an item required by law or an essential part of your basic services fee.

Some funeral providers enter into agreements with government agencies to provide funeral arrangements for indigent or other persons eligible for a government benefit. In these situations, you may offer package funeral arrangements that are in addition to, but not in place of, your regular goods and services and comply with all Rule requirements.

Experience Requirements

Depending on the state in which you want to be licensed, you may need to complete a post-graduate internship or serve a yearlong residency in an established funeral home under the supervision of a registered funeral director. Then you must pass both a national and a state licensure examination prepared by the Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards.

You need excellent written and verbal communication skills for this job, particularly as you assist people during an emotional time. Empathy and compassion are also required, as you provide basic grief counseling and help families arrange services.

Other job duties include assessing customer needs, monitoring service performance, and responding to legal issues or payment negotiations. You also need to set operating strategies, plans, or policies for funeral homes. You may also be responsible for promoting your business at community events or conducting sales activities to build client relationships. If you’re thinking of a second career, funeral service can be a satisfying choice.

Continuing Education Requirements

To become licensed as a funeral director or embalmer, you must complete education and training requirements and pass national and state licensure exams. You also need to intern at a funeral home for a year.

Funeral professionals are exposed to occupational stress that most people will never experience. Learn how to recognize and manage it with this course from industry expert Todd Van Beck.

This course provides practical guidance to assist those serving families wanting to take advantage of environmental friendly options for final disposition such as cremation or burial. Also included are suggestions and best practices for working with tissue donor families.

Licensees who are not residents of New York may receive Continuing Education (CE) credit for courses or programs approved by the state of their residence. However, credits cannot be carried over from one licensure renewal period to another. Also, no more than three CE hours can be earned in courses or programs that deal with funeral merchandising such as caskets, outer burial containers and clothing.

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Most people have seen morgue scenes in movies or on television, but they aren’t necessarily accurate depictions. A morgue is a collection of refrigerated drawer-like compartments where bodies are stored until they’re identified, autopsied, or prepared for burial or cremation.

Mortuaries are also responsible for handling grief counseling, legal paperwork, and arranging memorial services. They may also prepare a casket.

It offers on-site cremation

Mortuaries often have state-regulated facilities that are specially designed to handle the handling, preparation for disposition, and safe keeping of bodies. They also offer services like embalming, funeral arrangements, and visitations. They may be owned by a funeral home or operate as an independent business. They usually provide a variety of memorial products, including flowers, cards, and memorial DVD’s. They may also provide urns and caskets.

Cremation is a growing option for many families and some funeral homes have their own on-site crematory. In this case, the funeral director handles all paperwork and liaises with the crematorium on behalf of the family. This helps relieve the family of additional stress during this difficult time.

Cremation is often accompanied by a memorial service at the funeral home or church. Families can choose to keep the urn, scatter the ashes, or have the urn returned in a memorial box. The service can be held before or after the cremation and can include a public visitation and a funeral service.

It is a place of final disposition

When someone dies, their loved ones have many decisions to make regarding their final disposition. This decision may be based on cultural and religious beliefs, as well as personal preferences. Common options include Burial and Cremation. While some families choose both, others prefer one option over the other.

A mortuary is a place where bodies are handled before they are buried or cremated. This process is regulated by federal and state laws, including licensing requirements for funeral directors, embalmers, and crematory operators. These regulations are designed to ensure that remains are handled in a respectful and dignified manner.

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It is a place of comfort

A mortuary is a facility that provides storage and preparation for bodies before burial or cremation. These facilities are staffed by death care professionals and offer services such as embalming and viewing.

They also provide services like cleaning and disinfecting urns and caskets, and arranging funeral services. These facilities are regulated by local, state, and federal laws and must be inspected regularly. They are also required to comply with standards set by the National Association of Funeral Directors and are required to be licensed.

A mortuary can be a frightening place to visit, but it is important to know that you will be treated with dignity and respect by the staff there. You may feel uncomfortable in the process, but the staff members will help you make the right decisions. In addition, they will be happy to answer your questions.

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Despite some stereotypes, morticians are dedicated scientists. They are caring service workers and strong managers. They also have a deep understanding of grieving and funeral traditions. They also use their skills to make sure that families have a memorable, uplifting experience.

Mortuary science is a popular career option for many people who enjoy working with the deceased. While the job is not a glamorous one, it’s very important to society. A mortuary scientist must be familiar with the biology of the dead, embalming, and business principles. They must be able to perform autopsies, and they must know how to transport the corpses for burial. Some of them must even travel to distant locations to provide services.

A graveyard is a place where people are buried. The word is derived from the Greek koimeterion. However, it is more common to use the term cemetery, which dates back to the 1400s.

Historically, churches had complete monopolies over burials. Church graveyards became full quickly, and non-church-associated cemeteries were founded to meet the needs of a growing population.

Gravediggers

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In addition, their work is physically demanding and they are often exposed to the public. It is important for gravediggers to have a strong business plan to help them succeed in their endeavors.

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Caretakers

Caretaking is an important part of a cemetery’s operation. It requires knowledge of plant growth and maintenance, as well as the use of various tools and machines. The work can also be emotionally demanding, requiring a high level of empathy and respect for the deceased.

Those interested in pursuing a career as a cemetery caretaker may wish to pursue a post-secondary degree in horticulture or landscape design. This degree can provide valuable skills in the field and prepare graduates for managerial positions at cemeteries.

Burial plots

A burial plot is a specific space in a cemetery that’s used to inter one or more people. It’s typically marked by a headstone or other type of monument. There are several different types of burial plots, including single and companion plots.

A person’s religious and cultural beliefs play an important role in determining what type of burial is appropriate. Some choose traditional in-ground burials while others prefer cremation.

Family burial plots are a popular choice because they provide a place for the entire family to visit and honor their loved ones’ lives. They also help preserve legacies and strengthen ties to ancestry.

Headstones

Headstones help decorate the graves of loved ones who have passed away. These markers usually feature the deceased’s name, date of birth and death, and may include other inscriptions or carvings. They can be found in a variety of sizes and shapes.

Traditionally, the upper class had access to the finest materials and inscription skills that allowed them to commemorate their dead with elaborate slabs of stone. These stelae often featured words of wisdom or final wishes.

These days, most cemeteries are aware that the re-use of older grave sites can cause distress to relatives. This is why they publicize their plans and ask for family members to express their wishes.

Monuments

Monuments are carved pieces of stone designed to memorialize the dead. They are placed at the head of a grave in a cemetery and display the person’s name, dates of birth and death, and other biographical information. Monuments can also include statues and other sculptural elements that evoke emotions or remind people of something important in the deceased’s life.

Many people use the words graveyard and cemetery interchangeably, but if you want to be linguistically precise, you should know that graveyard is usually used to refer to burial grounds on church property, while cemetery is generally a more modern term for larger, separate burial grounds that are not attached to a particular place of worship.

Maintenance

Keeping cemetery spaces beautiful is important, but the key is to balance aesthetics with their primary function as places of solace and remembrance. This means using environmentally responsible and non-toxic cleaning products for gravestones, removing trees that are near to a headstone, and choosing plant species that are well-suited to the climate of the area.

For families who wish to leave personal touches, be careful about what you put at a gravesite, as some cemeteries have strict rules regarding decorations. In general, less is more, and it’s best to keep flowers or other items simple so they don’t blow away or cause damage.

The cemetery of the future needs to be more than just a place of burial. It should be a vibrant celebration of family, history and individuality.

Cemetery master planning can optimize land utilization and improve the overall aesthetic of a cemetery. Effective design can also help reduce the up front costs of development and minimize future replacement costs.

Master Plan

A well-designed planting plan is essential for promoting healthy tree growth throughout the cemetery. Likewise, the existing irrigation network requires re- placement to ensure effi cient delivery of water for both trees and ground cover.

The master plan recommends upgrading the cemetery management software to improve effi ciency and accuracy in burial records and plot allocations. In addition, a comprehensive road replacement strategy, guided by the results of a PCI evaluation, will improve accessibility and safety.

Lastly, an ADA accessible offi ce would be created to provide an improved and welcoming environment for community members who visit the Cemetery Sexton. The plan also incorporates columbarium niche sales in certain areas of the cemetery, generating revenue that will support the care and maintenance of these meaningful spaces. A portion of these pro- ceeds will also go towards a perpetual care fund to support the long-term upkeep of Sunset Cemetery.

Accessibility

Whether a cemetery is large or small, making it accessible to everyone is important. This is achieved by providing sidewalks and wheelchair-accessible paths throughout the property. Directional signage is also crucial in helping visitors find their way around.

Mourners often want to leave flowers (and other objects) on the columbarium wall near their family members’ plaques. To accommodate this practice, newer designs of these walls include clips that allow a single flower stem or a small posy to be inserted under each plaque. The flowers then decompose on the ground and are not a maintenance problem.

Working with unique areas requires creative thinking time that can result in innovative cemetery design solutions. Often, these are less costly than traditional approaches. The result is a cemetery that looks different from the rest, while expressing a unique place with an intriguing story. This is more attractive to the public than a cookie-cutter cemetery that is found along every highway and looks just like the ones on the other side of town.

Signage

Incorporating cemetery signs that clearly and simply direct visitors to specific locations within the cemetery is an important component of a good design. Cemetery signs should be designed to work with the overall site plan and its unique environmental characteristics.

Gravestones reflect cultural traditions and artistic styles, offering a wide variety of ways to commemorate the deceased. Modern headstones may use a variety of materials, including glass, bronze, and stainless steel, which provide a new aesthetic for cemetery landscapes. One popular design is the neo-Egyptian sphinx, with a male and female figure symbolizing faith and reason.

Cemeteries that work with unique areas can capitalize on natural features, such as a water feature, wooded hillside, or high point, to create a place that is meaningful and interesting to visit. This type of cemetery design requires careful planning, balancing efficiency with federal regulations, and considering the particular environmental characteristics of the area. It also requires creative thinking time to come up with a solution that is both functional and interesting.

Plantings

Many people memorialize their loved ones by planting flowers, bulbs and other plants at a cemetery. These plantings add to the beauty of a cemetery and demonstrate that care was taken by those who tended the grave sites. Many of these plantings may even evoke memories and emotions that the deceased person felt during his or her lifetime.

However, to manage the maintenance of these plantings and prevent erosion, a cemetery must be careful to ensure that the soil is not compacted. Compression of the soil retards vegetative growth and causes erosion by concentrating overland flow and reducing air spaces in the soil.

Therefore, to avoid a compacted soil, periodic aeration is necessary. This helps to increase the water holding capacity of the soil, which in turn promotes more healthy and vigorous vegetation. In addition, aeration helps to mitigate the impact of heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic on the soil and buried resources.

A cemetery, also known as a burial ground, gravesite or graveyard is a place where mortal remains are buried.

A visit to a cemetery can be a very spiritual and emotional experience. It is important to be respectful of the people buried there. Keep the volume of your voice low and avoid walking in front of or around headstones.

A Place of Remembrance

In a cemetery, people find solace and healing in remembering loved ones. The quiet and serene environment provides space for introspection, allowing individuals to work through their grief on their own terms. It also helps to foster meaningful customs and connections within a community.

Many cultures practice a variety of remembrance rituals at the grave site. For example, in the case of a natural burial, a tree (such as a vitax or ginkgo) may be planted to mark the grave. These trees are known for their longevity and resilience. They symbolize the eternity of life and a peaceful transition.

Visitors to a cemetery often leave flowers, teddy bears or other mementos on a headstone as a way of showing their respect for the deceased. They may also place burning grave candles, a tradition commonly found in Catholic nations and Jewish war memorials.

A Place of Healing

The remembrance and commemoration of loved ones who have passed is an important part of the grieving process. Many cultures have rituals and traditions that honor the dead by visiting tombs and memorials, and these can provide a structure for mourning and a path to healing.

The serene settings of cemeteries, often adorned with flowers and greenery, provide the perfect space for quiet reflection and contemplation. This quiet time is often therapeutic and allows individuals to reconcile their feelings and start the healing process.

Beautifully landscaped grounds also encourage community, bringing people together to share memories and support one another. The feeling of connection and community can be particularly beneficial for those in grief. This can be achieved through community events, like memorial concerts or candlelight vigils, as well as through the simple act of visiting a cemetery. These experiences help shift the focus from mourning death to celebrating life, fostering emotional wellness and healing.

A Place of Peace

As places of remembrance, beautiful cemeteries help transform people’s feelings about death from grief and sadness to peace and healing. They create a sense of community, connecting families and friends through shared experiences of remembrance and mourning that facilitate emotional well-being.

They also allow visitors to connect with nature and the cyclical nature of life. The sight of blossoming flowers, the sound of birds chirping and the feel of a gentle breeze are all calming experiences that can help to ease the burden of loss.

Many people visit the gravesite of their loved one and talk with them, sharing stories, events and emotions, even though they know their loved ones are not physically present. These rituals can be especially comforting during the early stages of grief. People can also leave trinkets and gifts at the gravesite to signify their love and gratitude. In fact, there are services that offer to tend to a loved one’s gravesite and provide fresh flowers, as this is a popular practice.

A Place of Honor

A cemetery is often a place where people are honored for their contribution to society. It is also a place where family and friends can pay their respects to those who have passed away.

Cemeteries often have a legal requirement to maintain burial records that include at least the name of the person buried and the date of the burial. They are also a source of information for genealogy research.

Traditionally there were certain groups of people who were not permitted to be interred in a community graveyard. They included criminals, foreigners, and the poor. Many cultures have separate cemeteries for these groups. Dutiful Asian sons have a custom of returning their parents’ remains to Japan or China. In modern times there are sometimes large areas of the landscape that are regarded as informal rather than formal cemeteries due to a lack of documentation or the location of the burials. In these cases it may be possible to make use of landscape and survey techniques.